Dne 2. července se v Beethovenově sále Pálffyho paláce v centru
Vídně konalo
2010 Austria International Symposium nazvané „Literature and Cultural
Arts of Korea and Eastern Europe“. Šlo především o akci The Society of
Korea Literary Creative Writing, takže nejvíce účastníků bylo z řad
jihokorejských spisovatelů a vysokoškolských učitelů. Přizváni však byli
také kolegové z Rakouska a Německa. Přijal jsem rovněž pozvání a
nelitoval jsem toho. Můj příspěvek o Milanu Kunderovi a jeho chápání
středoevropského románu by mohl být inspirativní pro mé studenty, proto
jej touto cestou zveřejňuji:
Milan Kundera is not only a world-famous novelist, but also the author of penetrating essays on Central European culture, especially literature. Born in the former Czechoslovakia (1929) and living in French exile since 1975, he ranks among the best-selling highly intellectual literary stars of the last decades. Kundera’s attitude to his native country is rather ambiguous − therefore two of his highly appreciated novels ( Life is Elsewhere − 1973 and The Book of Laughter and Forgetting − 1979) have still not yet been re-published in the Czech Republic, though they were originally written in Czech. After moving to France, Kundera started to write in a different style than before − his texts were aimed not only at Czech readers but also at a large international readership. In today’s terminology we could characterize him as a typical ‘author of globalization’. On the other hand, he seems to be rather choosy about his audience. Since the rather mediocre − but among cinema-goers quite popular − American film version of his novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1984, film 1988), he has strictly refused to approve any film adaptations of his short stories or novels. We can imagine that for many contemporary authors it is a matter of fame and profit to see their books made into films. Not for Milan Kundera… He insists that the novelistic genre is a typically literary product − it was written and therefore it should be read, not watched in an adapted visual version. In our era, when culture is becoming increasingly visual, Kundera’s defence of the traditional role of literature seems to be quite unique. In his opinion, certain qualities of the novel cannot be cinematized, and can be fully understood only in the process of reading.
Now is the right time to learn something about Kundera’s art of the novel as it is explained in his essays written in French. According to Kundera, the novel is “the great prose form in which an author thoroughly explores, by means of experimental selves (characters), some great themes of existence”. (142) At the same time as Kundera was beginning to take a negative stance against film versions of his texts, he also began to stress particularly those qualities of the novelistic genre which are typical of the Central European literary context. Rather paradoxically, it was only when he had become a French citizen that Kundera started to write systematically about the Central European novel as a specific phenomenon with highly original features. In the works of authors like Franz Kafka, Robert Musil, Witold Gombrowicz and others we can discern certain common qualities − e. g. polythematic structure, lack of great epic stories, a tendency to essayism, and an ironical approach to the author’s homeland. These genre qualities were familiar to Kundera in his first novels, written in Czechoslovakia, but in his later works he gradually emphasized them more and more. When James Naughton (from the University of Oxford) characterizes Kundera’s mature novels, he uses the following words: “…polyphonic interplay of parallel, almost separate, but purposefully choreographed fictional narratives and humorously philosophizing, essayistic writing. (…) Its political side is the myth-making, amnesia and humourless mawkishness of ideological regimes and causes.” (126) As we can see, this is an exact definition of the Central European novel, comprising a list of its general features.
According to Kundera, Central Europe was culturally unified for the first time in the 17th century, in the Baroque period. The shadow of this cultural and life style persisted here into the 18th century and continued in the era of Classicism, when Vienna became the capital of European music. Another great period of cultural importance in the region came at the beginning of the 20th century, when novelists abandoned the traditions of romantic and critically realistic fiction and created key works of the Central European novel. Unlike the anti-rationalist, anti-realist and lyrical French modernists, Central European writers felt an aversion to romanticism, and mistrusted the cult of history and the glorification of the future. As an author with Central European roots, Kundera often criticizes the romantic (or in his own words “lyrical”) approach to life, which together with the “cult of Youth and Revolution” may bring tragic consequences when applied to politics. And − again as a Central European novelist − his way of writing is closely connected with local musical traditions. In fact, Kundera studied musical composition at the Janacek Academy of Art (JAMU) in Brno, and his deep knowledge of music is reflected in his novelistic work, where he often uses techniques of composition known from the old masters of Baroque and Classicist music. For example, Kundera’s three French-language novels from the 1990s (especially Slowness − 1996) are inspired by the Baroque form of the fugue − i.e. a polythematic contrapunctal form with two or more voices of equal importance. Most of his earlier novels written in Czech follow a structure similar to the form of the sonata as developed by Ludwig van Beethoven. To be more specific: Beethoven’s Quartet Opus 131 consists of seven movements each in a different tempo, with a structure based on the exposition of individual themes and their variations. Kundera noticed that in his first novels he had been using almost the same compositional structure as that used by Beethoven in his sonatas. In Kundera’s opinion, the “mathematical structure” of the novel is not a matter of calculation, it is “an unconscious drive”. (91) However, in his later Czech novels Kundera began to be consciously obsessed with the number seven. Six of his seven Czech novels have seven parts and are based on a comparable development of separate themes and novel characters.
For a certain type of theorist, this could represent an extremely rational experiment with the novel. However, on the other hand, this archetypal form of composition derived from music may be one the reasons behind Kundera’s wide international popularity among various kinds of readers (i.e. not only highly educated intellectuals). As I have mentioned above, Milan Kundera has become one of the leading novelists of globalization. At the same time, he has never abandoned the precisely defined borders of the Central European novelistic and musical tradition. Maybe we could compare this situation with the impact of jazz – originally a kind of Afro-American music − which changed the cultural map of the world during the last century. There is also something archetypal in the forms of jazz music, and so they have had a great influence over other kinds of art including poetry, fiction and drama. The way to the world usually begins at home. It can be expected that further impulses to the art of the novel will come from other parts of the world than Europe and America. And it is more than possible that they will be inspired by local narrative and musical traditions – as we can witness in the essays and novels of the Central European author Milan Kundera.
Literature
Kundera, Milan: The Art of the Novel. London-Boston: Faber and Faber, 1988.
Traveller‘s Literary Companion − Eastern & Central Europe, ed. James Naughton, Brighton: In Print Publishing, 1995.
Further reading
Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 232: 20th Century Eastern European Writers, ed. Steven Serafin, Detroit-San Francisco-London-Boston-Woodbridge, Conn.: The Gale Group, 2001.
